What are the main components of a computer system?

 A computer system is made up of several key components that work together to perform computing tasks. These components can be broadly categorized into hardware, software, and peripheral devices.

1. Hardware Components

• These are the physical parts of the computer system.

a. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Known as the "brain" of the computer.
• Executes instructions and performs calculations.

Consists of:

• Control Unit (CU) – directs operations.
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – performs mathematical and logical operations.

b. Memory/Storage

• Primary Memory (RAM) – temporary memory used during processing.
• ROM – non-volatile memory containing startup instructions.
• Secondary Storage – permanent storage (e.g., hard drives, SSDs, USB drives).

c. Motherboard

• The main circuit board that connects all components.
• Hosts CPU, memory, storage interfaces, expansion slots, etc.

d. Input Devices

• Allow users to interact with the computer.
• Examples: keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone.

e. Output Devices

• Present results of processing to the user.
• Examples: monitor, printer, speakers.

f. Power Supply Unit (PSU)

• Converts electricity to the voltage needed for the components.

g. Cooling System

• Fans or liquid cooling to maintain temperature and prevent overheating.

2. Software Components

• These are the programs and operating instructions used by the computer.

a. Operating System (OS)

• Manages hardware and software resources.
• Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux.

b. Application Software

• Programs designed for end-users (e.g., MS Word, web browsers, games).

c. System Software

• Supports the OS and hardware (e.g., device drivers, utilities).

3. Peripheral Devices

• External components that enhance functionality.
• External Storage Devices – USB flash drives, external hard drives.
• Networking Devices – modems, routers, network cards.
• Other Peripherals – webcams, game controllers, docking stations.

Summary Table:

• Category Examples
• Hardware CPU, RAM, hard drive, motherboard
• Software OS, applications, drivers
• Input Devices Keyboard, mouse, scanner
• Output Devices Monitor, printer, speakers
• Storage SSD, HDD, USB drive
• Networking Router, network card, modem