What are the basic programming concepts (variables, data types, loops, etc.)?

 1. Variables

• Containers that store data values.
• Each variable has a name and holds a value.

2. Data Types

• Define the kind of data a variable can hold.

Common types:

• Integer (int): Whole numbers (e.g., 5, -10)
• Float (float): Decimal numbers (e.g., 3.14, -0.001)
• String (str): Text (e.g., "Hello", "123")
• Boolean (bool): True or False
• Character (char): Single characters (in some languages)
• Arrays/Lists: Collections of values (e.g., [1, 2, 3])

3. Operators

• Symbols that perform operations on variables and values.

Types include:

• Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
• Comparison: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
• Logical: and, or, not
• Assignment: =, +=, -=, etc.

4. Control Structures

a) Conditionals (If Statements)

• Make decisions in code based on conditions.

b) Loops

• Repeat a block of code multiple times.
• For Loop: Runs for a specific number of times or over items.

• While Loop: Runs as long as a condition is true.

5. Functions (or Methods)

• Blocks of reusable code that perform a specific task.
• Can take inputs (parameters) and return outputs.