🔄 What Are Filters?
- Filters allow certain frequencies to pass through while blocking or attenuating others.
1. ⚡ Low-Pass Filter (LPF)
- Allows: Low frequencies to pass through
- Blocks: High frequencies
- How: Uses components like resistors and capacitors (or inductors) arranged so that high-frequency signals get “shunted” or reduced.
- Example use: Removing high-frequency noise from audio signals, smoothing signals.
2. 🔊 High-Pass Filter (HPF)
- Allows: High frequencies to pass through
- Blocks: Low frequencies
- How: Components arranged so that low-frequency signals get attenuated or blocked.
- Example use: Removing low-frequency hum from audio, in tweeters for speakers.
⚙️ How They Work — Simplified Explanation
- Capacitors pass high frequencies easily but block low frequencies.
- Inductors pass low frequencies easily but block high frequencies.
- By combining resistors with capacitors or inductors, circuits can be designed to pass/block specific frequency ranges.
📊 Simple Visual
- Filter Type Passes Frequencies Blocks Frequencies
- Low-Pass Filter Below cutoff frequency Above cutoff frequency
- High-Pass Filter Above cutoff frequency Below cutoff frequency
🧠 Analogy
- Low-pass filter: Like a gate that lets slow-moving cars (low frequencies) through but stops fast sports cars (high frequencies).
- High-pass filter: Like a gate that lets fast cars through but stops slow-moving trucks.
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