📦 How Databases Store and Manage Data
1. 🗃️ Data Storage Structure
- Databases store data in structured formats such as:
- Structure Description
- Tables In relational databases, data is stored in rows and columns (like a spreadsheet). Each row = a record; each column = a field/attribute.
- Documents In NoSQL document databases (e.g., MongoDB), data is stored as JSON-like documents.
- Key-Value Pairs In key-value stores (e.g., Redis), each piece of data has a unique key and a value.
- Graphs In graph databases (e.g., Neo4j), data is stored as nodes and relationships, useful for networks.
2. 📊 Data Management with a DBMS
- A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that:
- Function Description
- Data Storage Writes data to disk using efficient structures (e.g., B-trees, indexes).
- Data Retrieval Responds to queries (often using SQL) to fetch data quickly.
- Data Manipulation Supports inserting, updating, and deleting records.
- Data Integrity Ensures accuracy and consistency with rules (e.g., primary keys, constraints).
- Data Security Manages user access, authentication, and encryption.
- Backup & Recovery Protects against data loss with backups and restoration tools.
- Concurrency Control Handles multiple users accessing data at the same time without conflicts.
3. 🔍 Querying the Database
- Most relational databases use SQL (Structured Query Language) to interact with data.
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